Kanatbek KOCOBAYEV

Article | 2016 | Горный журнал / Gornyi Zhurnal ( 8 )

Рассказано об истории, текущем состоянии и проблемах туристической отрасли Кыргызстана. Туристический потенциал страны — огромный, однако экономическая отдача от него пока незначительная. В настоящее время наибольшее развитие получили два направления — рекреационный и культурно-познавательный туризм. Рекреационный туризм обеспечивает 90–95 % объема всех туристических услуг и базируется на потенциале оз. Иссык-Куль. Культурно-познавательное направление связано с уникальной природой и самобытной культурой кочевого народа гор. Большие перспективы развития имеет также экотуризм. - Ключевые слова: Кыргызская Республика, оз. Иссык-Куль, . . .приключенческий и рекреационный туризм, экотуризм, проблемы развития = The article describes the enormous tourism potential of the Kyrgyz Republic (KR) with the two most developed trends of recreation and culture- And- Adventure. The recreation tourism counts for 90-95 % of the overall tourism services and is stationed at the Issyk-Kul Lake; the tourism of culture- And- Adventure rests upon the unique nature and cultural identity of highland vagrant tribes. Ecotourism has a promising outlook in KR. The tourism development in KR has four determinate stages with the intrinsic features: before the Perestroika up to 1988; initiation (cut and try period) in 1988-1994; maturation or growth in 1995-2005; decelerated advance (slowdown) from 2006 down to recent time. In the time before the Perestroika, the recreation tourism was mostly developed and operated 285 public places to accommodate 98.3 thousand people at a capacity up to 538 thousand people yearly. The beginning of the Perestroika initiated private vacation hotels and inspired two new kinds of commercial tourism- Adventure (mountain climbing) and shop- Tourism. The revolution events in KR in March 2005 and April 2010 slowed down advance of tourism. Foreign tourists to visit the Republic in 2013 totaled 3076 thousand people. The authors have analyzed the current issues connected with the tourism development, including weak national policy and legislation in the tourism branch of industry, frequent changes to the government and status of the government agency engaged in tourism, even more frequent changes to the stuff of senior officials at the state tourism agency and the absence of continuity. Among the ways of improving the situation is the initiation of a ministerial office on tourism under management of the government of the Kyrgyz Republic. - Author keywords: Adventure and recreation tourism; Development issues; Ecotourism; Issyk-kul lake; Kyrgyz republi More less

Kanatbek KOCOBAYEV | Nurzat TOTUBAYEVA | Nurzat ŞAYKİYEVA

Article | 2022 | Горный журнал / Gornyi Zhurnal ( 12 )

On the evidence of the earlier research findings, as well as the full-scale and lab-scale test data of 2019–2020, this article describes the ecological situation at Kara-Keche lignite field being developed by five mining companies in the Jumgal district of the Naryn Region in the Kyrgyz Republic. It is found that the field development proceeds with insufficient adherence to legal documents and has a considerable adverse influence on the environment and water bodies. Many large-volume refuse dumps have no isolation from natural water bodies, which ends with acute pollution of the latter. Contamination of local rivers exists both belo . . .w the coal mining sites and above them, because of winnowing of coal dust. The river water has the increased pollution indexes—the coliform indexes are 55–70, even in winter, and in summer, these indexes reach a few thousands units. The solid residue, suspended matters, chemical oxygen demand as well as the carbonate and total hardnesses at the points below the major pollution sources as against the averaged values at the points located above the pollution sources have very high values: 14% for the chemical oxygen demand; 43 for the dry residue; 86 and 35 for the carbonate and total hardness, respectively; 108 % for the suspended matter. The concentrations of all macro elements–cations (and anions) grow at a relatively small distance (~5 km) below the major pollution sources: by 11.2 % for sodium; 22 % for potassium 42.2 % for calcium and 79.9 % for magnesium. The analyses revealed no one of 22 trace elements (Ag, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, U, V, W, Zn) in the Kara-Keche river water, supposedly, because of low sensitivity of the spectrometer. The concentrations of some trace elements (aluminum and barium) are noticeably lower (almost by 2 times) below the major pollution sources. The concentrations of the other trace elements at the points below the major pollution sources are higher than the averaged values at the points above the pollution sources: by 2.2 % for silicon; by 28.3 % for iron; by 76 % for strontium and by 83.4 % for lithium. © 2022, Ore and Metals Publishing house. All rights reserved. По результатам ранее проведенных исследований, а также полевых и лабораторных испытаний описана экологическая ситуация на разрабатываемом буроугольном месторождении Кара-Кече в Кыргызской Республике. Установлено, что эксплуатация месторождения ведется без должного учета требований нормативно-правовых документов и оказывает значительное негативное воздействие на окружающую среду, в том числе на состояние водных объектов. Также отмечено, что многочисленные и высокообъемные отвалы не изолированы от природных водоемов, что обусловливает их существенное загрязнение More less

Kanatbek KOCOBAYEV

Article | 2016 | Горный журнал / Gornyi Zhurnal ( 8 )

Рассмотрены возможности комплексного освоения месторождений Кавакского буроугольного бассейна Кыргызской Республики. Проанализированы экологические нагрузки на окружающую природную среду при возможном строительстве ТЭС на углях Кавакского бассейна мощностью 1200 мВт и увеличении объема добычи угля до 4 млн т в год и более. - Ключевые слова: Кавакский буроугольный бассейн, водоугольное топливо, подземная газификация, высокоскоростной низкотемпературный пиролиз, разработка углей, загрязнение окружающей среды, выбросы тепловой электрической станции = Recommendations on complex and rational development of Kavak brown coal basin are giv . . .en in the article. The main directions for processing of brown coal of Kavak basin with using effective existing technologies such as underground coal gasification, coal-water fuel production, low temperature pyrolysis. These technologies allow such commercial products from coal as coal-water fuel, energy gas and synthesis gas, and synthetic liquid fuels for reducing the energy dependence of the Republic on gas and oil fuels. It is noted that coal mining has induced certain ecological problems in the form of severe pollution of surface and partially ground water. The scope of the analysis encompasses the environmental impact of potential construction of a thermal power plant to run on Kavak coal at a capacity of 1200 MW and annual coal consumption of 3 Mt, and with sharp increase in coal production to more than 4 Mt per year. The calculation results show that the to-be thermal power plant using conventional technologies annually emit at least 5680 thou t of CO2, 11850 thou t of NOx, 227960 t of SO2, 563 t of heavy metals and more than 10 tons of radioactive elements and ashes. The resultant dumps will total hundreds of millions of tons and will also be a strong source of environmental pollution. The draw conclusion is that such an ecological load can lead to social tensions in the region and encourages to use more expensive, but more ecofriendly advanced technologies. - Author keywords: Coal mining; Coal-water fuel; High-speed low- Temperature pyrolysis; Kavak brown coal basin; Pollution; Thermal power plant emissions; Underground gasificatio More less

Kanatbek KOCOBAYEV | Nurzat TOTUBAYEVA

Article | 2016 | Горный журнал / Gornyi Zhurnal ( 8 )

Рассмотрены актуальные геоэкологические проблемы, связанные с деятельностью горнодобывающих предприятий Кыргызской Республики. Авторами сделан вывод, что почти все горнодобывающие предприятия оказывают опасное экологическое воздействие на окружающую среду. Необходимо уделять пристальное внимание не только хвостохранилищам, но и отвалам пустых пород, так как они могут иметь громадные объемы и служить опасными источниками химического загрязнения вод в течение длительного времени после закрытия предприятий. - Ключевые слова: Кыргызская Республика, горнодобывающие предприятия, геоэкологические проблемы, хвостохранилища, отвалы пород, л . . .едники, химическое загрязнение вод = It is of the current concern to consider geo-ecological problems associated with the activities of mining companies (MC) in the Kyrgyz Republic (KR), and these issues many a time have been on the agenda of Government and Jogorku Kenesh (Parliament) of the Kyrgyz Republic and were the cause of numerous mass gatherings. It is shown that even after-effects of prospecting and geological exploration remain unhealed at the distance of 5-7 decades. Much more serious environmental problems arise in mineral mining and processing, and these problems exist usually for tens and hundreds of years after mining completion, which is exemplified by the cases of Minkush, Sumsar and Ak-Tuz deposits. According to the authors, components of high-mountain mineral mining arranged in decreasing order of the environmental impact: A) tailing; b) dumps; c) glaciers; g) other consequences of mine activities. High-precision analyzes of water samples taken in the vicinity of the large operating gold deposit Kumtor, including its tailings pond, discovers considerable pollution with many trace elements (aluminum, iron, copper, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, zinc, etc.). Waste rock dumps in Kyrgyzstan reaches enormous size, for example, in 1995- 2014, only Kumtor dumps have made more than 1.5 Bt, and the related hazard is comparable or event exceeds the hazard due to tailings ponds. The macro and micro element sampling of water from the Chon Sary-Tor Stream flowing from the waste rock dumps of the mine in 2011 showed dangerous content of toxic substances in sharply elevated concentrations: The sum of ratios of the contents of hazardous elements to their MAC was 114.45. Widely known are the environmental problems associated with glaciers and with the activities of Pascua Lama mine; the same situation takes place in the area of Kumtor mine in the Kyrgyz Republic. It is emphasized that due to the noticeable decline in the number of glaciers and their volume in the last few decades, their relative value and role increases. There are other environmental problems associated with mineral mining such as wind transportation of fine particles contaminating entire surrounding area and facilities. - Author keywords: Chemical pollution of water; Geo-ecological problems; Glaciers; Kyrgyz republic; Mining companies; Tailings ponds; Waste rock dump More less